Brown (of Haddington), John - Covenant Theology and Covenanting - Solemn League and Covenant - Westminster Confession, Assembly and Divines
TOLERATION AND COVENANTING
by
JOHN BROWN OF HADDINGTON
Summary and Review by Dr. Reg Barrow
The Absurdity and Perfidy of All Authoritative
Toleration of Gross Heresy, Blasphemy, Idolatry, Popery, in Britain
John Brown of Haddington (1797, 1803 edition)
The sub-title reads: "In two letters
to a friend in which the doctrine of the Westminster Confession of Faith relative to Toleration
of a False Religion, and the power
of the civil magistrate about sacred matters; and the nature, origin, ends and
obligation of the National Covenant and Solemn League are candidly represented and defended."
REFORMATION ATTAINMENTS VERSUS
BACKSLIDING RELIGIOUS PROFESSORS
Here Brown deals with three major
Reformation attainments (anti-tolerationism, establishmentarianism and the
obligations of lawful covenants as they biblically bind posterity) that Satan
has always been especially concerned to overthrow -- in every major demonic
move to open the floodgates of lawlessness, anarchy and misrule. Fletcher, in
the preface to the 1797 edition, relates this truth as it comes to bear on
various religious professors, stating,
Papists were
enemies to our covenants because they were a standard lifted up against their
system of abominable idolatries. Episcopalians were enemies to them, because
they were a standard lifted up against their anti-scriptural church-officers
and inventions of men in the worship of God. Some Presbyterians are enemies to
them in our day through ignorance of their nature and ends; and others through
fear of being too strictly bound to their duty (Cited in Johnston, Treasury
of the Scottish Covenant, p. 486).
THE HERETICAL LEGACY
It is also interesting to note the long
list of backsliders and heretics that often oppose one or more of these points.
The ancient
Donatists, a sect of Arian separatists, who appeared about the beginning of the
4th Century, seem to have been among the first who held out these opinions to
the Christian world. Feeling the weight of the arm of power for their
schismatical practices, by way of reprisal, they stript the magistrate of all
power in religion;"maintaining that he had no more power about religious
matters than any private person, and refusing him the right of suppressing the
propagators of doctrines different from those professed by the Church, or the
observers of a different form of worship. From them the German Anabaptists
adopted the same views. Then the Socinians (i.e. an early form of
Scripture-denying liberals-RB) and remonstrant Arminians, whenever the
magistrate ceased to patronize their cause. The English Independents during the
time of the Long Parliament were the zealous supporters of the same opinions.
In their rage for liberty of conscience, they formed the strongest opposition
in the Westminster Assembly which the Presbyterians had to encounter. Through
their influence that venerable body was much embarrassed (hindered-RB) in their
proceeding; and by their means (in collusion with that "Judas of the Covenant,"
Cromwell-RB), certain passages of the Confession of Faith never obtained the
ratification of the English Parliament. The English Dissenters of the present
age are generally in the same views, especially the Socinians, the Arians, and
the Quakers, who have most to dread from the Laws of the Land against their
blasphemies. And who knows not that the high reputation of Mr. Locke as a
Philosopher... has given these opinions such an air of respectability, that
many youth in the Universities have been thereby inclined to embrace them?
(Preface, pp. vi-vii).
THE COVENANTAL HAMMER SMASHING THE IDOLS
OF OUR DAY
In our day the tree of toleration (and the
anti-Scriptural principles which logically grow out of it) has spread its
branches in ways that could have never been envisioned by those that took the
first steps away from biblical and covenanted uniformity. What Brown is
fighting against here is an error so foundational that when left unchecked it
permeates all of society, cutting out the foundational roots that are necessary
for all national Reformations. And "if the foundations be destroyed, what
can the righteous do?" (Ps. 11:3). Furthermore, as the preface notes
"liberty of conscience and of opinion" are "the great idols of
the day." Here Brown takes out his covenantal hammer and smashes these
idols with an inconoclastic zeal worthy of our earlier Reformed forefathers.
This book is especially useful in answering the persistent fear and questions
that always arise when these old Reformed views are discussed: that is, the
questions dealing with religious persecution. Brown spends much time in
clearing the Westminster Divines of such false charges, while also setting these
controversial Reformed teachings on a thoroughly biblical foundation.
WESTMINSTER'S VIEW OF THE "EVERLASTING" SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT
Interestingly, in the section defending the continuing obligation of the National and
Solemn League and Covenant, we
also note that the Westminster Assembly considered the Solemn League and Covenant an "everlasting covenant." Brown cites
the following as proof, "That the body of the English nation also swore the Solemn League and Covenant, is manifest. The Westminster Assembly and English Parliament, affirm, "The honourable house of Parliament,
the Assembly of Divines, the renowned city of London, and multitudes of other
persons of all ranks and quality in this nation, and the whole body of
Scotland, have all sworn it, rejoicing at the oath so graciously seconded from
heaven. God will, doubtless, stand by all those, who with singleness of heart
shall now enter into an everlasting covenant with the Lord?" (p. 161,
emphasis added). The footnote tells us that the words Brown was quoting were
taken from "Exhortation to take the Covenant, February, 1644."
OUR MODERN DAY MALIGNANTS
Brown also includes a helpful section on a
point some modern day malignants are once again attempting to use to overthrow
the biblical attainments of the covenanted Reformation. This section shows that
the "(t)he intrinsic obligation of promises, oaths, vows, and covenants
which constitutes their very essence or essential form, is totally and
manifestly distinct from the obligation of the law of God in many
respects" (p. 120, emphasis added).
BROWN'S DYING TESTIMONY TO HIS CHILDREN
Finally, we cite a portion of Brown's
dying testimony to his children given in the introduction (p. xix). Such
testimonies, from notable Christian leaders, often contain singularly pertinent
charges to their hearers. (For another notable example of this see James
Renwick's dying testimony, as he was about to be martyred for his adherence to
the Solemn League and Covenant, when he recounts what was later to become most of
the terms of communion in Covenanted Presbyterian churches. This testimony can
be found in Thompson's "A Cloud of Witnesses for the Royal Prerogatives of
Jesus Christ Being the Last Speeches and Testimonies of those Who Have Suffered
for the Truth in Scotland Since... 1680"). Here are Brown's dying words to
his children: "'Adhere constantly, cordially and honestly to the
Covenanted Principles of the Church of Scotland, and to that Testimony which
hath been lifted up for them. I fear a generation is rising up which will
endeavour silently," (O how prophetic!) "to let slip these matters, as
if they were ashamed to hold them fast, or even to speak of them (as with many
"reformed" publishers and preachers today, who dare not touch the
topics Brown deals with in this book-RB). May the Lord forbid that any of you
should ever enter into this confederacy against Jesus Christ and his cause!
This from a dying father and minister, and a witness for Christ" (Signed)
"John Brown.?"
DO YOU HAVE WHAT IT TAKES?
If you have the courage to compare the
original Reformed faith with that which is often promoted under its name today
(and in many ways the old Reformed faith bears little resemblance to the
"new light" Reformers and innovators of our day), then this is an
ideal book to obtain and study. 213 pages.
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The Puritan Hard Drive also features many Works by
John Brown of Haddington.
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FREE:
"Calvin, Covenanting and Close Communion" (a book review of "Alexander and
Rufus..." by John Anderson [1862]) by Reg Barrow (Shows how Calvin
practiced covenanting and close communion and how the biblical view of these
ordinances is intended to purify the individual, church and nation. Refutes the
Popish, Independent and paedocommunion heresies -- as well as all views of open
communion [so common in our day]. Also argues that Arminians,
anti-paedobaptists, anti-regulativists, and all those who openly violate the
law of God [and are unrepentant] should be barred from the Lord's table -- as a
corrective measure ordained of God for their recovery. Also demonstrates that
those that would not swear to uphold the "Geneva Confession [or
"human constitution," as it was agreeable to the Word of God] of
1536" in Calvin's day were to be excommunicated and exiled from Geneva. This
is "Reformation History Notes" number two.)
http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualnls/CalvinCC.htm
Terms of Communion: Covenants and
Covenanting ($17.85, 7 cassettes by Greg Price)
Explains and defends the fourth term of
communion, which is "That public, social covenanting is an ordinance of
God, obligatory on churches and nations under the New Testament; that the National Covenant and the Solemn League are an exemplification of this divine institution;
and that these Deeds are of continued obligation upon the moral person; and in
consistency with this, that the Renovation of these Covenants at Auchensaugh,
Scotland, 1712 was agreeable to the word of God." Includes the studies
offered separately on the National Covenant (2 tapes), the Solemn League and
Covenant (1 tape), the Auchensaugh Renovation (2 tapes), as well as two
introductory lectures (only available in this set) on the biblical principles
related to the ordinance of covenanting, the descending obligation of lawful
covenants, objections against covenanting, etc. Roberts, in his "Reformed
Presbyterian Catechism" ($8.99), catches the spirit of this tape set in
the following question and answer:
Q. May we not indulge the hope, that, in
the goodness of our covenant God, and by the promised outpouring of his Holy
Spirit, 'the kingdoms of the world' at large, and the British empire in
particular, will dedicate themselves to God in a covenant not to be forgotten -
animated by the example of our covenant fathers exhibited in these memorable
deeds?
A. Yes. We have the most cheering grounds
for this blessed hope; for it is written, that the nations at large in the
spirit of devoted loyalty, shall cry -- 'Come and let us join ourselves to the
Lord in a perpetual covenant that shall not be forgotten': and it cannot be
well doubted, that the death-cry of the martyred Guthrie has been heard on
high, and shall be verified -- 'The covenants, the covenants, shall yet be
Scotland's (and the world's -- RB) reviving'" (p. 151).
A thoroughly
amazing set of tapes -- among our best!
CUNNINGHAM, JOHN
The Ordinance of Covenanting
(1843)
This book is considered by many as the
classic work on covenanting. "The theology of Covenanting is here unfolded
with a richness of scriptural research and a maturity of intellectual strength
which would have made the grey eye of Peden glisten with delight. The treatise
is a valuable addition to that solid theological literature of which the
Reformed Presbyterian Church has produced repeated and enduring specimens, and
stamps Mr. Cunningham as a distinguished disciple of the thoughtful and
scriptural school of Mason and the Symingtons" ("Presby Rev.,"
1844) as cited in "The Treasury of the Scottish Covenant" by
Johnston).
The author himself notes that
"(p)rayer and the offering of praise are universally admitted to be duties
of religion. The Scriptures announce a place among these for the exercise of
solemn Covenanting... What the word of God unfolds concerning it, is addressed
to the most resolute consideration of all, and is capable of engaging the most
extensive and prolonged investigation. And yet, though none have found this
subject, like all God's judgements, else than a great deep, still in meditating
upon it, the ignorant have been brought to true knowledge, and the wise have
increased in wisdom. 'The secret of the Lord is with them that fear him; and he
will shew them his covenant' (Ps. 25:14)... Mutual federal engagements,
concerning things religious and civil, whether entered into merely by simple
promise, or confirmed by the solemn oath, have been made from the highest
antiquity to the present. The hostility to some such engagements, and also the
proud disregard for their obligation, which have been evinced by some in all
ages, demand a most careful examination into their nature and design...
Furnished with the key of Scripture, approaching the subject, we are enabled to
open the mysteries in which ignorance and prejudice had shut it up; and
equipped with the armour of light shooting forth its heavenly radiance, in
safety to ourselves we assail the darkness thrown around it, and behold the
instant flight of the spirits of error which that darkness contains. Standing alone
in beauteous attractions descended from heaven upon it, this service beckons us
to approach it, and engages to connect extensive good with a proper attention
to its claims. The observance, under various phases, is described in Scripture
as an undisputed and indisputable reality."
In this book Cunningham exhaustively
covers the subject of covenanting in over 400 pages. He deals with the manner,
duty and nature of covenanting (including personal and social covenanting), the
obligation covenanting confers, how covenanting is provided for in the
everlasting covenant, how it is adapted to the moral constitution of man and
how it is according to the purposes of God. Numerous Divine examples are cited
from Scripture and covenanting is shown to be one of the great privileges of
the Christian life.
An interesting chapter covers
"Covenanting Enforced By the Grant of Covenant Signs and Seals;"
which touches on circumcision, baptism, the Sabbath, the Priesthood, the new
heart and the person and work of the Lord Jesus Christ. Furthermore, this book
demonstrates how God's approbation rested upon Covenanters in formers ages, how
covenanting is predicted in prophecy, how it is recommended by the practice of
the New Testament Church and at what seasons it is appropriate. The appendices
touch on the relationship of covenanting to immoral and unscriptural civil
governments, the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the British constitution
and the apostasy of the Revolution settlement.
Additionally, Cunningham acknowledges that
the true church is "bound by the obligations of the Church of God is past
times" and is still obligated to *pay what it has vowed to the Lord* in
those magnificent attainments of the second Reformation (the epitome of these
attainments being embodied in the Solemn League and Covenant and the Westminster Standards).
If you are interested in the ordinance of
covenanting this is the most extensive treatment you will find in one book. It
is a gold mine of Scriptural references and should be read at least once by
everyone who calls upon the name of Christ.
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FOR FURTHER STUDY:
The Self-Interpreting Bible: With Commentaries,
References, Harmony of the Gospels and Many Other Helps Needed to Understand
and Teach the Text (4 Volume Set, 1914 edition) by John Brown of Haddington
The Absurdity and Perfidy of All Authoritative
Toleration of Gross Heresy, Blasphemy, Idolatry, Popery, in Britain by John
Brown of Haddington
ROBERTS, WILLIAM L.
The Duty of Covenanting,
and the Permanent Obligation of Religious Covenants (1853)
Excerpted from the Reformed Presbyterian
Catechism below, this book deals with an almost forgotten ordinance of God. It
explains what covenants are, while contrasting them with oaths, vows and law.
Furthermore, it distinguishes between civil and religious covenants and shows
how the individual, family, church or nation can (and should) enter into
covenants -- especially religious covenants. Explains why, when and how
covenants are binding on posterity, citing abundant Scriptural proof for each
assertion made. Here is a sample argument from this book, demonstrating how
even covenants made between men are viewed as binding upon posterity by God
himself: "Another instance in which posterity is recognized in covenant obligation
is found in Joshua 9:15. This covenant was made between the children of Israel
and the Gibeonites. Between four and five hundred years after that time, the
children of Israel are visited with a very severe famine, in the days of David.
2 Sam. 21:1. And it is expressly declared by the Lord that, 'It is for Saul,
and for his bloody house, because he slew the Gibeonites.' And at the same
time, v. 2, that very covenant is recognized, and the breach of it is stated,
as being the formal reason of the divine displeasure. Now, had it not been for
this covenant, the extirpation of the Gibeonites would not have been imputed to
Israel as a thing criminal; for they were comprehended in Canaanitish nations,
which God had commanded them to root out" (pp. 139-140). Take the time to
look these verses up. This subject has great bearing on the unity of the
church, the Christian's response to godless covenant-breaking nations,
hermeneutics, the family and general faithfulness to God (because many today --
individually, ecclesiastically, and nationally -- are breaking covenants which
God still views as binding though they are oblivious to this obligation). Great
price too!
(Rare bound photocopy) $5.95-70%=1.78
ROBERTS, WILLIAM L.
The Duty of Nations, in
their National Capacity, to Acknowledge and Support the True Religion (1853)
Excerpted from the Reformed Presbyterian
Catechism below, this book deals with the inescapable necessity, of the demand
found in the Word of God, for the Civil establishment of Christ and King and
Lawgiver over every nation on earth. If you are sick of the cease-fire with
humanism, set forth by the syncretistic, Satanic and pragmatic pagan
politicians of our day, (those who bargain with votaries of Antichrist [the
Pope], publicly tolerate all manner of false religions (e.g. Islam) and
idolatry, and compose their policy and draw their pretended authority from the
beast [and not the Word of God], this book is for you! For all pagan politics
is summed up in the words of the Cameronian (Covenanter) political philosopher
Alexander Shields, as "rotting away under the destructive distempers of
detestable neutrality, loathsome lukewarmness, declining, and decaying in
corruptions, defections, divisions, distractions, confusions; and so judicially
infatuated with darkness and delusions, that they forget and forego the
necessary testimony of the day" (A HIND LET LOOSE, 1797 edition, p. 20).
Pick up this book and begin the political walk in the "footsteps of the
flock," traveling the covenanting road of Reformation and Scripture (with
the magisterial Reformers of the past)!
(Rare bound photocopy) $5.95-70%=1.78
ROBERTS, WILLIAM L.
The Reformed Presbyterian
Catechism (1853)
A manual of instruction, drawing from such
notable authors as William Symington and J.R. Willson, presenting
"arguments and facts confirming and illustrating the 'Distinctive
Principles'" of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Chapters deal with:
"Christ's Mediatorial Dominion in general;" Christ's exclusive
Headship over the Church;" "The Supreme and Ultimate Authority of the
Word of God in the Church;" Civil Government, the Moral Ordinance of
God;" Christ's Headship over the Nations;" "The Subjection of
the Nations to God and to Christ;" The Word, or Revealed Will of God, the
Supreme Law in the State;" "The Duty of Nations, in their National
Capacity, to acknowledge and support the True Religion:" "The
Spiritual Independence of the Church of Christ:" "The Right and Duty
of Dissent from an immoral Constitution of Civil Government;" "The
Duty of Covenanting, and the Permanent Obligations of Religious
Covenants;" "The Application of these Principles to the Governments,
where Reformed Presbyterians reside, in the form of a Practical
Testimony;" and finally "Application of the Testimony to the British
Empire." A most important book, as we approach (possibly) the end of the
great apostasy and will be in need of preparing for the dawning of the glorious
millennial blessings to come; the days prophesied in which the church
"shalt also suck the milk of the Gentiles, and shalt suck the breast of
kings" (Isa. 60:16).
(Rare bound photocopy) $29.95-70%=8.99
SCOTT, DAVID
Distinctive
Principles of the Reformed Presbyterian Church (1841)
This book is not designed to discuss
"the (many-RB) doctrines which the Reformed Presbyterian church holds in
common will others," but is written to set forth RP distinctives. It
tackles its subject from three major heads: "Social Covenanting;"
"The Dominion of Christ;" and "The Universal Application of
Scripture (civil as well as religious)." It shows that while these
doctrines "are held by many, as abstract doctrines of divine truth, they
are not embodied in the testimony of any other Christian denomination: nor made
necessary to ministerial or Christian fellowship. Although other individuals
may hold these doctrine, it is a 'distinctive' feature of the RPC to embody
them in her testimony; and to make them terms of communion." It also
explains how these are the same distinctives that were maintained "at the
era of the reformation, (when) the covenanted church of Scotland bore a
distinguished testimony for all the offices of Christ, as prophet, priest and
king: and for the pure doctrines, worship, discipline, and government of the
house of God." The author states that "the great object aimed at is
to help forward the glorious triumph of the Messiah, so beautifully described
in the 72nd Psalm. When 'all Kings shall fall down before him; and all nations
shall serve him.'"
(Rare bound photocopy) $49.95-80%=9.99
Distinctive
Principles of the Reformed Presbyterian Church (1841) by David Scott
PRICE, GREG
The
Duty and Perpetual Obligation of Social Covenanting
The material found in this bound photocopy
addresses a forgotten and neglected ordinance of God: social covenanting. God's
people in times of repentance and thanksgiving, trial and blessing have been a
covenanting people. In the most pure times of ecclesiastical and civil
reformation throughout history, both church and state under the mediatorial
rule of Christ have by the grace of God bound themselves together by covenant
to promote and defend the true Christian religion. The first document adopted
by the Westminster Assembly was in fact, the Solemn League and Covenant (1644).
It united the kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland in a covenanted
reformation of both church and state in order to preserve, promote and defend
the true Christian religion (as summarized in the Westminster Confession of
Faith, Larger and Shorter Catechisms, Directory For Public Worship, and Form of
Church Government), and in order to expose and uproot all false teaching
contrary to the Scripture and these standards. Furthermore, it was not only the
desire of the Westminster Assembly to unite in covenant the three British
kingdoms, but rather to include in this covenanted reformation all of the
Reformed Churches throughout Europe. Consider the goal of the Assembly as
summarized by Hetherington: "There was one great, and even sublime idea,
brought somewhat indefinitely before the Westminster Assembly, which has not
yet been realized, the idea of a Protestant union throughout Christendom, not
merely for the purpose of counterbalancing Popery, but in order to purify,
strengthen, and unite all true Christian churches, so that with combined energy
and zeal they might go forth, in glad compliance with the Redeemer's commands,
teaching all nations, and preaching the everlasting gospel to every creature
under heaven. This truly magnificent, and also truly Christian idea, seems to
have originated in the mind of that distinguished man, Alexander Henderson. It
was suggested by him to the Scottish commissioners, and by them partially
brought before the English Parliament, requesting them to direct the Assembly
to write letters to the Protestant Churches in France, Holland, Switzerland,
and other Reformed Churches. . . . and along with these letters were sent
copies of the Solemn League and Covenant, a document which might itself form
the basis of such a Protestant union. The deep thinking divines of the
Netherlands apprehended the idea, and in their answer, not only expressed their
approbation of the Covenant, but also desired to join in it with the British
kingdoms. Nor did they content themselves with the mere expression of approval
and willingness to join. A letter was soon afterwards sent to the Assembly from
the Hague, written by Duraeus (the celebrated John Dury), offering to come to
the Assembly, and containing a copy of a vow which he had prepared and tendered
to the distinguished Oxenstiern, chancellor of Sweden, wherein he bound himself
'to prosecute a reconciliation between Protestants in point of religion'. . . .
[O]n one occasion Henderson procured a passport to go to Holland, most probably
for the purpose of prosecuting this grand idea. But the intrigues of
politicians, the delays caused by the conduct of the Independents, and the
narrow-minded Erastianism of the English Parliament, all conspired to prevent
the Assembly from entering farther into that truly glorious Christian
enterprise. Days of trouble and darkness came; persecution wore out the great
men of that remarkable period; pure and vital Christianity was stricken to the
earth and trampled under foot. . ." (William Hetherington, History of the
Westminster Assembly of Divines , [Edmonton, Alberta: Still Waters Revival
Books], pp. 337-339). The material presented herein is commended to the reader
with the sincere prayer and confidence that God will again restore the Church
of Jesus Christ to a glorious covenanted reformation--one that will even
surpass that one to which she had attained at the time of the Westminster
Assembly. However, when the Lord brings that future covenanted reformation it
will not be limited to only three kingdoms of the earth, but by the grace and
power of Christ our King, it will be a covenanted reformation that will
encompass all of the nations of the earth (Ps. 2:6-12; Is. 2:1-4; Mt. 28:1-20)
and will bring to the church a visible unity and uniformity that (unlike pleas
for unity today) is firmly grounded upon the truth" (Greg Price, Preface).
The material contained in this compilation was gathered together by the session
of the Puritan Reformed Church of Edmonton/Prince George. Its 210 pages contain
the following items, as listed in this bibliography for social covenanting.
1. Samuel
Rutherford, Due Right of Presbyteries , pp. 130-139
2. George
Gillespie, The Works of George Gillespie, Vol. 2, pp. 71-88.
3. John Brown of Wamphray, An Apologetic
Relation , pp. 167-175, 181-207.
4. David Scott, Distinctive Principles of the
Reformed Presbyterian Church, pp. 14-90.
5. William Roberts, The Reformed Presbyterian
Catechism , pp. 134-152.
6. The
Reformed Presbytery, An Explanation and Defence of the Terms of Communion ,
pp. 181-187.
7. The
Reformed Presbytery, Act , Declaration and Testimony , pp. 11-23.
8. The
Reformed Presbytery, The Auchensaugh Renovation , pp. 115-140.
9. The Church of Scotland (1639), The
National Covenant of Scotland , pp. 345-354 in the Westminster Confession of
Faith published by Free Presbyterian Publications.
10. The
Westminster Assembly (1644), The Solemn League and Covenant , pp. 355-360
in the Westminster Confession of Faith published by Free Presbyterian
Publications.
11. The Church of Scotland (1648), A Solemn
Acknowledgement of Publick Sins and Breaches of the Covenant , pp. 361-368 in
the Westminster Confession of Faith published by Free Presbyterian
Publications.
(Rare bound photocopy) $22.95-70%=6.89
The
Duty and Perpetual Obligation of Social Covenanting by Samuel Rutherford, et.
al
Brown (of Haddington), John - Covenant Theology and Covenanting - Solemn League and Covenant